1582681770582r3996079441083187 eng utf8 dataset dataset Greg Liknes USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis 651-649-5192 651-649-5140

1992 Folwell Ave St. Paul MN 55108 US gliknes@fs.fed.us

prefer email contact pointOfContact 2015-07-06 ISO 19139 Geographic Information - Metadata - Implementation Specification 2007 152 2013-01-01 publication USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station

Newtown Square, PA

publisher Liknes, Greg C. originator Nelson, Mark D. originator Kaisershot, Daniel J. originator mapDigital doi:10.2737/RDS-2013-0006 This dataset includes polygons with a minimum of 40 acres of woodlands per square mile as depicted in William H. Brewer�s 1873 map of woodland density and covers the conterminous United States. Each polygon has been labeled with the density category (1-5) depicted on the original map. This dataset was created by georeferencing a scanned version of the source map and by heads-up digitizing each woodland density polygon. Historical woodland density of the conterminous United States, 1873 is a digital representation of William H. Brewer's 1873 "Map showing five degrees of density. The distribution of woodland within the territory of the United States." If you use these data in a publication, presentation, or other product please use the citation below to credit the authors for their contribution to your work. (Please see metadata document's section on use constraints for more details on any additional considerations.) Liknes, Greg C.; Nelson, Mark D.; Kaisershot, Daniel J. 2013. Historical woodland density of the conterminous United States, 1873. Newtown Square, PA: USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2013-0006 completed Greg Liknes USDA Forest Service Research Physical Scientist 651-649-5192 651-649-5140

1992 Folwell Ave St. Paul MN 55108 US gliknes@fs.fed.us

Prefer email contact. pointOfContact notPlanned CONUS conterminous United States place geospatial environment imagery Basemaps Earth Cover theme Appropriate use includes coarse-scale assessment of forestry trends or historical forest conditions. Disclaimer Regarding the Use of USDA Forest Service Data: The USDA Forest Service manages resource information and derived data as a service to Forest Service users of digital geographic data. The Forest Service is in no way condoning or endorsing the application of these data for any given purpose. It is the sole responsibility of the user to determine whether or not the data are suitable for the intended purpose. It is also the obligation of the user to apply those data in an appropriate and conscientious manner. The Forest Service provides no warranty, nor accepts any liability occurring from any incorrect, incomplete, or misleading data, or from any incorrect, incomplete, or misleading use of these data. Much of the Forest Service data are compiled, processed, and maintained with ArcGIS software developed by the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI). Much of the information presented uses conventions and terms popularized by ArcGIS and its user community. The mention of commercial firms or products is for clarity and identification of procedures and methods only, and no endorsements are implied by the Forest Service. These data were collected by USDA Forest Service researchers and can be used without additional permissions or fees. If you use these data in a publication, presentation, or other research product please use the citation below when citing the data product: Liknes, Greg C.; Nelson, Mark D.; Kaisershot, Daniel J. 2013. Historical woodland density of the conterminous United States, 1873. Newtown Square, PA. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. https://www.fs.usda.gov/rds/archive/Catalog/RDS-2013-0006. Additionally, The U.S. Forest Service waives copyright and related rights in the work worldwide through the CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication (which can be found at https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). This metadata document has been reviewed for accuracy and completeness. The data are considered to satisfy the USDA Forest Service's quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. However, the Forest Service cannot assure the reliability or suitability of these data for a particular purpose. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the Forest Service for a user's application of these data or related materials. The metadata, data, or related materials may be updated without notification. If a user believes errors are present in the metadata, data or related materials, please use the information in (1) Identification Information: Point of Contact, (2) Metadata Reference: Metadata Contact, or (3) Distribution Information: Distributor to notify the Forest Service of the issues. Additional information is available at http://www.fs.fed.us/qoi. otherRestrictions Other Constraints otherRestrictions Other Constraints 1874-01-01 publication crossReference crossReference vector eng utf8 environment imageryBaseMapsEarthCover Esri ArcGIS 10.2.2.3574 ground condition 1873-01-01 1 USDA Forest Service, Research and Development Research Data Archivist 608-231-9234

1601 N. Kent Street, Room 400 Arlington VA 22209-2137 US

This contact information was current as of April 2013. For current information see Contact Us page on: http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/RDS. distributor none SHP See format specification ESRI ArcGIS Shapefile Files zipped with Winzip 14.0 http://www.fs.usda.gov/rds/archive http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2013-0006 dataset not applicable Land areas within the conterminous United States (CONUS) that do not appear in the dataset were categorized in the original map as having less than 40 acres of woodland per square mile. Data sources for validating the accuracy of an 1873 map are relatively scarce. As a result, we do not provide attribute accuracy information regarding the density categories of the original map. Horizontal accuracy reported are Root Mean Square (RMS) errors (in meters) resulting from the georeferencing process. Reported RMS error for the georeferencing of the western portion of the United States. Method involved a series of tie points placed along state boundaries and coastline features. Georeferencing was performed with ERDAS Imagine v. 9.3 using the Image Geometric Correction tool with a third-order polynomial model. 4263. The western U.S. image was georeferenced using points along state boundaries and coastal features as tie points. A third-order polynomial model was applied. Georeferencing was performed using the Image Geometric Correction tool ERDAS Imagine v.9.3. Areas shown on the original Brewer map with 40 or fewer woodland acres per square mile were removed from the dataset. The central U.S. image was georeferenced using points at graticule intersections as tie points. A rubber sheeting model was applied. Georeferencing was performed using the Image Geometric Correction tool ERDAS Imagine v.9.3. The eastern U.S. image was georegestered using points along state boundaries and coastal features as tie points. A third-order polynomial model was applied. Georeferencing was performed using ERDAS Imagine v.9.3. A dissolve operation was executed using the density category as the dissolve value in order to remove the remaining state boundaries. The three images were brought into ESRI's ArcMap software (v. 9.3.1) along with a state boundary polygon shapefile (ESRI Data and Maps). The state polygons were then subdivided by tracing the density category boundaries from the three images with the Cut Polygons tool. Newly created polygons were then attributed with a density category (1-5) using the Attributes tool on the Editor toolbar. A scanned copy of the 1873 map was obtained from the U.S. Library of Congress (http://memory.loc.gov) in JPEG2000 format. The map originally appeared in the first atlas of the United States. The digital image file was divided into three pieces: one for the western United States, one for the central United States : a north-south swath of sparse woodland that also contained a seam from the book binding, and one for the eastern United States. Woodland delineations in Brewer's map were constrained to CONUS, but portions of adjacent Canada and Mexico were displayed for reference. While subsetting the image into three pieces, we retained the smallest rectangular subsets that completely encompassed CONUS portions of each subset, while eliminating extraneous map area in Mexico, Canada, and oceans. This step was performed in order to facilitate better georeferencing. William H. Brewer's map was produced for the first atlas of the United States (Walker 1874). A scanned copy of the map was obtained from the U.S. Library of Congress (http://memory.loc.gov) in JPEG2000 format. 1873-01-01 publication publication date 1873-01-01